Edmund Fitzgerald

Date 8-22-06

Freeboard on the Fitzgerald was the vertical distance from the permitted full load waterline to the spar deck at shell during winter season.

Cos x
Math.cos(x)

x^2
Math.pow(x,2)

Focusing in time and space. This effect is utilized in large wave tanks for testing of ship models. With a wave maker at the end of the tank one creates a signal in the form of a wave train where the wave length varies, with the shortest waves in front. Long waves propagate faster and will catch up on the shorter waves. Thereby a few large waves are created over a short time and within a limited area. The animation below shows the focusing effect at the top. If this is superposed on an irregular sea state as shown in the middle, one could end up with the behavior shown at the bottom.

ROGUE WAVES
Paris - European satellites have given confirmation to terrified mariners
who describe seeing freak waves as tall as 10-storey buildings, the
European Space Agency (ESA) said. "Rogue waves" have been the anecdotal cause behind scores of sinkings of vessels as large as container ships and supertankers over the past two decades. But evidence to support this has been sketchy, and many marine scientists have clung to statistical models that say monstrous deviations from the normal sea state only occur once every thousand years.

Water Pressure - Static pressure per foot of head height:

Salt water = .444 lb. per sq. inch.
Fresh water = .433 lb. per sq. inch.
Water weight 62.4 lb. per cub. ft.
36 cub. ft. per ton. = (Long Ton 2240 lbs.)

The shipping industry standard for shipments of coal is the net ton (2,000 lbs or 907.2 kgs). Other bulk commodities use the gross ton (2,240 lbs / 1,016 kgs) or metric tonne (1,000 kgs / 2,204.6 lbs). All tonnage figures used here are the gross ton unless otherwise noted.

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